Rare earth metals is an important strategic resource, because of its unique excellent properties and is widely used in sophisticated technology and military fields. Rare earth is China's superior resource, and its resource reserves, production, consumption and export volume all rank first in the world. Because of this, the development and utilization of rare earth resources are increasingly receiving serious attention in many aspects. 1. Characteristics and main uses of rare earth metals Rare earth metals (rare earth metals), also known as a rare earth element, it is a general term for a group â…¢B periodic table scandium, yttrium, lanthanides 17 elements, commonly represented by R or RE, including scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum ( La), 铈 (Ce), 镨 (Pr), é’• (Nd), é’· (Pm), é’ (Sm), é“• (Eu), é’† (Gd), 铽 (Tb), é• (Dy), é’¬ ( Ho), é“’ (Er), é“¥ (Tm), 镱 (Yb), é•¥ (Lu). The term rare earth is the name left over from history. Generally, 镧, 铈, 镨, é’•, é’·, é’, é“• are called light rare earth or lanthanum rare earth; é’†, 铽, é•, é’¬, é“’, é“¥, 镱, 镥钇 are called heavy rare earth or lanthanum rare earth. According to the similarity and difference of the physicochemical properties of rare earth elements, in addition to strontium (some of which are classified as sparse elements), they are divided into three groups, namely, light rare earths are 镧, 铈, 镨, é’•, é’·; The rare earths in the middle are é’, é“•, é’†, 铽, é•; the heavy rare earths are é’¬, é“’, é“¥, 镱, é•¥, é’‡. Most rare earth metals exhibit paramagnetism.é’† is more ferromagnetic than iron at 0 °C.铽, é•, é’¬, é“’, etc. also exhibit ferromagnetism at low temperatures. The low melting point of lanthanum and cerium and the high vapor pressure of lanthanum, cerium and lanthanum show great differences in the physical properties of rare earth metals. The thermal neutron absorption cross sections of lanthanum, cerium and lanthanum are larger than those of cadmium and boron which are widely used in nuclear reactor control materials. Rare earth metals have plasticity, with lanthanum and cerium being the best. In addition to antimony, the rare earth rare earth has higher hardness than the rare earth rare earth. Rare earth materials have been widely used in more than 40 industries 13 fields of electronic information, petrochemical, metallurgy, machinery, energy, light industry, environmental protection, agriculture, and defense and military. Application of rare earth to produce fluorescent materials, rare earth metal hydride battery materials, electric light source materials, permanent magnet materials, hydrogen storage materials, catalytic materials, precision ceramic materials, laser materials, superconducting materials, magnetostrictive materials, magnetic refrigeration materials, Magneto-optical storage materials, optical fiber materials, and the like. High performance rare steel, ductile iron rare earth, rare earth alloy and aluminum alloy, for the production of automobiles, tractors, tanks, aircraft structural parts and aluminum wire. Rare earth zeolite petroleum cracking catalyst used in petroleum, can greatly improve the conversion rate and gasoline yield; purification of automobile exhaust gas, the use of rare earth can reduce the amount of expensive platinum group metal. The application of rare earth in glass mainly includes polishing powder, glass decolorizing agent, glass clarifying agent, CRT glass bulb and optical glass additive. Rare earth polishing powder is mainly used for precision processing of optoelectronic devices, combined with physical and chemical polishing, and is regarded as a new functional material. The rare earth-added optical glass is mainly used to produce various optical lenses, automotive violet glass, and radiation-resistant glass. Lanthanide optical glass is the earliest and most typical application of rare earth in the glass industry. Rare earth permanent magnet materials are mainly used in high-tech fields such as disk drive nuclear magnetic resonance imagers. In the future, suspended high-speed trains also use rare earth permanent magnet materials. Rare earth luminescent materials are one of the key basic materials for information display and high-efficiency lighting equipment. Rare earth hydrogen storage materials are important materials for the production of nickel- hydrogen batteries, and hydrogen storage alloys are widely used in electric bicycles, hybrid electric vehicles, home appliances, power tools and other industries. Second, the distribution of resources, potential and its position in the international arena By the end of 2007, the country's reserves of rare earth resources were 84.68 million tons (rare earth oxides, the same below), of which, the basic reserves were 18.4 million tons (including 17.2 million tons of reserves), and the resources were 66.28 million tons. In addition, in the five provinces of Sichuan, Guangdong, Hubei, Yunnan, and Hunan, there are also predicted resources of 5.064 million tons. China's rare earth resources are divided into three categories: south (fang), north (fang) and west (department) by region and type. The north is a mixed rare earth ore (fluorocarbon anthrax and monazite). The reserves are concentrated in the Inner Mongolia Bayan Obo iron ore mine. The south is an ion-adsorbed rare earth ore. The reserves are distributed in Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hunan and other provinces. District), relatively concentrated in Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces. The rare earth ore in the western Sichuan Suining and Shandong Weishan areas is dominated by fluorocarbon anthraquinone. Ion-adsorbed heavy rare earth mines have identified 810,000 tons of resource reserves, including 90,000 tons of basic reserves; mainly concentrated in Jiangxi, 590,000 tons, accounting for 72%; and Guangdong, 190,000 tons, accounting for 23.5%. At an average recovery rate of 46%, the ion-adsorbed rare earth is only enough to be mined for 8 years. Phosphorus -type heavy rare earth mines have a proven resource reserve of 86,000 tons, including 12,000 tons of basic reserves; mainly concentrated in Guangxi, 37,000 tons, accounting for 42.8%; Guangdong, 35,000 tons, accounting for 23.5%; and Jiangxi, 1 Ten thousand tons, accounting for 12.3%. Mixed rare earth ore (Baotou Mine) is the most important industrial type of rare earths in China. It has identified 79.44 million tons of resource reserves, including 17.67 million tons of basic reserves (including 17.27 million tons of reserves). Mixed rare earth ore is mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The reserves of mixed rare earth mineral resources in this area are 77.54 million tons, accounting for 97.6% of the country. Guizhou ranks second, with a resource of 1.5 million tons, accounting for 1.9% of the country. Shaanxi and Gansu also have some resources. The fluorocarbon anthraquine light rare earth mine has a proven resource reserve of 3.94 million tons, of which the basic reserves are 560,000 tons. Mainly concentrated in Sichuan (Suining), 1.3 million tons, accounting for 33%; Hubei, 1.22 million tons, accounting for 33%; Jiangxi, 330,000 tons, accounting for 8.3%; and Guangdong, 330,000 tons, accounting for 8.3%; Qinghai 350,000 tons, accounting for 8.8%. Others include Guangxi, Hunan, and Shandong. Shandong (Weishan) has a reserve of 96,000 tons of resources, ranking only eighth in the country. The monazite mineral has a proven resource reserve of 670,000 tons, of which the basic reserves are 60,000 tons. It is mainly concentrated in Hunan, with a proven resource reserve of 350,000 tons, accounting for 52%; Guangdong has identified 180,000 tons of resource reserves, accounting for 26.5%. It can be seen that if China's light and heavy rare earth mineral resources do not implement total mining control, they will lose their dominant position within 20 years. According to reserves, China's rare earth resources rank first in the world, accounting for 22% of the world's total rare earth resources of 78.2 million tons. Other rare earth resources are: Russia and Kyrgyz total 19 million tons, accounting for 24.3%; US 1300 10,000 tons, accounting for 16.6%; Australia 5.2 million tons, accounting for 6.6%; India 1.1 million tons, accounting for 1.4%; Zaire 1 million tons, accounting for 1.3%; Canada 940,000 tons, accounting for 1.2%. 3. Main industrial types, occurrence status and extraction methods of mineral deposits (1) Major industrial types and occurrence status Rare earth elements have strong chemical activity, and they react with oxygen to form R2O3 type rare earth compounds with high stability. Under appropriate geological conditions, these rare earth compounds are enriched to form various rare earth deposits. At present, the main industrial types of rare earth deposits in China are: 1. Sedimentary metamorphic hydrothermal metasomatic rare earth iron deposits, such as Bayan Obo iron ore. 2. Fluorocarbon anthrax hydrothermal vein deposits, such as Sichuan Suining rare earth ore. 3. Ion-adsorbed rare earth deposits, such as Jiangxi Longnan Rare Earth Mine. 4. Coastal rare earth ore, such as Guangdong rare earth ore, including xenotime and monazite sand. (two) extraction method Most of the rare earth elements in various types of rare earth deposits appear as stable rare earth minerals, and generally have good selectivity. The rare earth concentrate can be obtained by the magnetic separation-re-election-flotation process of Baotou mixed rare earth ore and Suining fluorocarbon anthrax. Prior to this, the Baotou mixed rare earth ore was actually in the form of tailings after the iron selection of the Baiyun Obo iron ore. The ion-adsorbed rare earth ore extracts various rare earth elements by a special hydrometallurgical process. The rare earth sand mines in the coastal area can be re-elected to select the rare earth heavy minerals. Fourth, the analysis of supply and demand situation in domestic and foreign markets Since a period of time, China's rare earth industry has developed exceptionally, extensively, over-exploited, and over-exported. In order to export, at any cost, even if the "modern industrial MSG" is sold as a soil, it does not care, but becomes a typical deformed industry that relies too much on exports. From 2000 to 2006, the output of rare earth mineral primary products (based on REO, the same below) rapidly increased from 78,000 tons to 132,500 tons, with an average annual growth rate of 9.2%; among them, Baotou Mine (reselected from iron ore tailings) The output has increased from 48,000 tons to 5.04 million tons, with an average annual growth rate of 0.8%; the production of fluorocarbon antimony ore (mainly in Suining, Sichuan) has grown from 15,900 tons to 37,000 tons, with an average annual growth rate of 15.1%; The output of rare earth mines has grown from 13,000 tons to 45,100 tons, with an average annual growth rate of 23%. The rare earth smelting and separating products have grown from 66,000 tons to 157,000 tons, with an average annual growth rate of 15.5%. The domestic application of rare earths has grown rapidly. The total amount of rare earth applications has increased from 19,300 tons in 2000 to 62,800 tons in 2006, with an average annual growth rate of 21.7%. The development of rare earth new materials maintained a good momentum of development. Among them, the output of rare earth permanent magnet materials in 2006 was 41,350 tons, which was 4.84 times higher than the 7080 tons in 2000, with an average annual growth rate of 34.2%; the output of rare earth phosphors was 5,871 tons, compared with 2000. 1100 tons increased by 433.7%, with an average annual growth rate of 32.2%; the output of rare earth abrasive materials was 6,092 tons, an increase of 36.7% over 2005; the output of various types of automotive exhaust gas purifiers was about 10 million sets, an increase of 212.5% ​​over the 3.2 million sets in 2003. The average growth rate was 46.2%; the output of hydrogen storage alloy was 15,000 tons, which was 344.8% higher than the 4,300 tons in 2003, with an average annual growth rate of 51.7%. In 2006, the export of various types of rare earth smelting and separating products was 53,313 tons, an increase of 14.2% over the 46,700 tons in 2000, with an average annual growth of 2.23%; the export value was 478.23 million US dollars, an increase of 53.3% over the 2000 figure of 312 million US dollars, an average annual growth of 7.38. %. In 2000, the export volume of rare earth smelting and separating products accounted for 71.9% of the total output of the year, and has dropped to 34% in 2006. In 2006, the export volume of rare earth magnets reached 11,242 tons, an increase of 28.5% over the previous year; the export value was 303 million US dollars, and the export volume accounted for 27.2% of the current year's output. In order to further protect resources and promote the healthy development of the rare earth industry, from 2007, the state has included rare earth mineral products and rare earth smelting and separation products in the mandatory plan management. Among them, the total production index of the rare earth mineral products directive plan is 131,780 tons. The distribution indicators of each producing area are 75,000 tons in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 5,000 tons in Fujian Province, 20,000 tons in Jiangxi Province, 780 tons in Hunan Province, 10,000 tons in Guangdong Province and 21,000 tons in Sichuan Province. The distribution of the indicator of the production area is obviously inclined towards the comprehensive utilization of the Baotou mixed rare earth ore, which greatly reduces the production of the ionic rare earth ore and strictly controls the production of the fluorocarbon antimony ore in Sichuan. In 2007, the actual production volume of rare earth mineral products was 120,800 tons, down 8.83% from the previous year. Among them, the output of ion-adsorbed rare earth mineral products was 45,000 tons, a slight decrease from the previous year, but the super planned production was 9,220 tons. The Sichuan mining area was suspended for rectification due to indiscriminate mining and serious damage to the environment. The production of fluorocarbon antimony ore was only 6,800 tons, down 81.6% from the previous year. The output of Baotou mixed rare earth mine was 69,000 tons, an increase of 37% over the previous year. Domestic consumption was 72,550 tons, an increase of 15.6% over the previous year. The development of new rare earth materials continued to maintain a good momentum of development. Among them, the output of rare earth permanent magnet materials in 2007 was 50,800 tons, an increase of 22.85% over the previous year; the output of rare earth phosphors was 8,481 tons, an increase of 44.5%; the output of rare earth abrasives was 7,523 tons, an increase of 23.5. %; the output of various types of exhaust gas purifiers for vehicles is about 10.85 million sets, an increase of 8.5%; the output of hydrogen storage alloys is 18,600 tons, an increase of 24%. The export quotas for various types of rare earth products were 45,400 tons, and the actual export volume was 45,400 tons, down 14.8% from the previous year. The export value was 763.77 million yuan, an increase of 59.7% over the previous year. The general trend is that domestic consumption demand has increased substantially, and export quotas have gradually decreased. However, with the sharp rise in the export prices of rare earth products in the international market, export benefits have increased significantly. V. Problems in the development and utilization of rare earth resources in China (1) Excessive production capacity of mining beneficiation and smelting separation At present, the national light rare earth mining production capacity is as high as 220,000 tons (including 50% REO), the processing capacity of light rare earth concentrate is 380,000 tons, and the light rare earth smelting separation capacity is 110,000 tons. Among them, the smelting separation capacity of Baotou Mine is 80,000. Tons, the smelting separation capacity of Sichuan mine is 30,000 tons. The southern ion adsorption type rare earth ore mining capacity is 60,000 tons, and the smelting separation capacity is over 60,000 tons. The comprehensive production capacity of rare earth mines in the country is as high as 440,000 tons, and the total capacity of rare earth smelting and separation reaches 200,000 tons, far exceeding the actual production needs. (2) Decentralized layout decision-making and low-level redundant construction, serious waste of resources The Sichuan mine is dominated by fluorocarbon antimony ore, which is similar to the rare earth species contained in Baotou Mine, which is mainly composed of bastnasite and monazite. The premature and excessive blind development of Sichuan mines is actually a low-level repetitive construction, which eventually leads to a series of serious problems. First of all, local small enterprises and even unplanned and indiscriminate excavation have caused serious problems such as mining and abandoning poverty, leaking mining and crushing mines, etc.; serious indiscriminate mining has given the mine a planned large scale in the future. Deep mining has brought extreme difficulties. After using the Sichuan mine to extract the bismuth and antimony needed for the export market, the remaining large amount of strontium mixed rare earth (accounting for 40% of the total) has become a by-product of the production of cockroaches and has been piled up or even abandoned, resulting in serious resources. waste. On the other hand, in the case of a large number of use of Sichuan mines, the amount of Baotou mine is reduced, so that the actual recovery of rare earth from Baotou mixed rare earth ore is less than 10% of the amount of mining, and the other rare earth resources of more than 90%. Entering the protective storage of tailings ponds, the stockpiles have exceeded 10 million tons (REO). However, due to the fact that the tailings selected from rare earths and unselected rare earths have not been separately stored, the dilution and depletion are serious, especially the poor management, resulting in a large amount of discharge of ore dressing wastewater and other waste water in many small small-scale plants. The pollution of tailings is very serious, which poses great difficulties for the future use of artificial land. The over-exploitation of the southern ion-adsorbed rare earth ore has caused a lot of waste of resources such as indiscriminate excavation, mining and abandonment of poverty, mining and abandonment, and loss of ore and ore, and is caused by backward, large-moving mountain mining and pool leaching. The problem of vegetation damage to soil erosion and environmental pollution is also very serious. Later, in some mines, the use of advanced in-situ leaching technology was promoted, and the resource utilization rate was greatly improved. However, due to the application of in-situ leaching technology, certain ionic rare earth minerals are suitable. Therefore, many ion-type rare earth mines in the south of the pool still exist in the south, and the waste of environmental pollution resources caused by the process has not fundamentally improved as a whole. According to the relevant materials, the current ionic rare earth mines use only 20% of the in-situ leaching process, the resource utilization rate is about 70%, while the enterprises adopting the backward pool leaching extraction process account for 80%, and the resource utilization rate is less than 40%. Some even only 25%. (3) Low industrial concentration, high product convergence rate, lack of market competitiveness At present, there are 20 heavy rare earth mining enterprises in the country, including 1 medium-sized one, 18 small ones, 1 small mine, and 104 light rare earth mining enterprises. In addition to Baotou Steel Rare Earth, there are also 1 medium-sized enterprises. , 55 small, 42 small mines. The concentration of rare earth smelting and separation industry is lower. Although the total capacity of rare earth smelting and separation has reached 200,000 tons, the number of separation plants has reached more than 120, and the single-factor rare earth smelting separation capacity is only 1,300 tons/year. Among them, there are only 6 REO separation capacity of more than 5,000 tons / year, about 13 of which are more than or nearly 2,000 tons / year, and most companies have a separation capacity of 500-1500 tons / year. Most of the separation plants have low equipment and control levels, small single-unit production capacity is small, technology development strength is weak, product varieties are single and identical, product yield is lower than foreign advanced level by 3 to 5 percentage points, and the cost is high. The batch size is small, the quality uniformity is poor, the quality is unstable, and often the raw materials are competed with the big factories to grab the market. (4) Excessive exports, disorderly competition, and out of control of prices China's exports of rare earth products account for more than 80% of the world's total exports. It should have the ability to regulate the international market. However, due to long-term exports and mutual price competition, prices are high and low, and it is difficult to control. In the long run, the sales prices of some rare earth products have fallen sharply and must be sold. For example, 20 years ago, the price of fluorescent bismuth oxide was 80-100 US dollars / kg, and now only sells 10 US dollars / kg; in the mid-1990s, the export price of bismuth oxide was about 18 US dollars / kg, and now only sells 7 US dollars / kg. The disorderly competition in the export of rare earth products has led to the loss of strategic resources, and the economic interests of enterprises and countries have also suffered serious losses. (5) The unscientific export management of rare earth products, the differential characteristics of rare earth partitions are misused, resulting in a large amount of valuable rare earth resources being seriously wasted in development. Although the rare earth resources in the south and north of China have great differences in rare earth composition, the rare earth elements have large differences, but all kinds of rare earth elements have a certain content. That is to say, the rare earth resources in the south and the south have certain complementarity in rare earth components. Sex, and in some cases, this complementarity is still strong. For example, the rare earth partition of Baotou Mine is (more than or close to 5%, the same below): La 2 O 3 27.22%, CeO 2 48.73%, Pr 6 O 11 5.31%, Nd 2 O 3 16.63%, ionic rare earth Jiangxi The rare earths of Longnan Mine are divided into: Gd 2 O 3 5.69%, Dy 2 O 3 7.48%, Er 2 O 3 4.26%, Y 2 O 3 64.1%, while the rare earth component of Jiangxi Xunwu Mine is: La 2 O 3 29.84%, CeO 2 7.18%, Pr 6 O 11 7.14%, Nd 2 O 3 30.18%, Sm 2 O 3 6.32%, Gd 2 O 3 4.21%, Y 2 O 3 10.07%. However, due to the unscientific production and export management of rare earths, the system is not rationally arranged, the production volume is not arranged according to the rare earth distribution and market demand of various rare earth deposits, and the export is not arranged according to the actual supply of the products. Simplified and unplanned, there is a phenomenon that “the market price is high and the profit is big, everyone is desperately trying to produce desperately, and the market price is low and the profit is small, no one is willing to export and willing to produceâ€. As a result, the high price cannot be maintained. The sky will fall sharply. In this way, Chinese producers and exporters are always driven by foreign businessmen to pursue the pursuit of profits, while disregarding national interests, rare earth varieties can only be sold as local people. The rare earth export quota system is ineffective. 6. China's current policy on the management of the development and utilization of rare earth resources In 1991, the state listed ion-adsorbed rare earth ores as a specific mineral for protective mining. In recent years, a series of macro-control measures such as controlling the total amount of rare earth minerals, total rare earth production and reducing total exports have been adopted. For example, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued a notice in May 1999 to suspend mining licenses for eight minerals such as rare earths; the production of rare earth mineral products was officially included in the scope of China's mineral resources planning, and in 2005, a list of enterprises allowed to mine rare earth minerals was announced. Since 2006, the annual production index of the total amount of rare earth minerals mining and its provincial indicators have been issued. In controlling the export of rare earths, the state implemented quota management on the export of rare earth products as early as the early 1990s. In 2004, the relevant state departments jointly formulated and issued the Catalogue of Exports of Rare Earth Products. After the export tax rebate policy and processing trade policy for rare earth smelting and separating products were cancelled in 2005, a 10% export tariff was imposed on all rare earth smelting and separating products in early 2007. policy. In order to strictly control the production of rare earth mineral products, and taking into account various factors, the National Mineral Resources Planning 2008-2015 approved by the State Council will determine the control targets for the total amount of rare earth mineral products in 2010 and 2015, respectively. For the 122,000 tons and 140,000 tons, the country's key mining and mining control measures have actually covered all rare earth minerals, rather than the ion-adsorbed rare earth mines in the south. In general, these policy measures are very effective. The prices of rare earth products have risen sharply, and the economic benefits of enterprises have generally improved, reaching the planning target of limiting production and insured prices. Seven, policy recommendations China's rare earth minerals have serious problems of excessive production and excessive and unreasonable exports. They need to take overall consideration from the perspective of the integration of rare earth resources, properly arrange production and exports, and properly resolve these deep-seated problems. Some people think that it is necessary to ban exports. I personally think that it is neither necessary nor possible. Compared with the amount of rare earth resources, rare earth resources are not rare in the world, and many countries have abundant rare earth resources. Even in the case of ion-adsorbed rare earth ore, in countries with tropical tropics such as Brazil, India and Australia, they have the same metallogenic geological conditions. It is not difficult to find such rare earth ore. The mining and separation technology of rare earth minerals is not complicated. For example, Russia and the United States, if these countries want to master the mining and separation technology of rare earths, I think it is easy. The reason why China stands out from many large rare earth resource countries and defeats its rivals to become the world's largest producer and exporter of rare earths is that China has mastered lower-cost development technologies and the production cost of rare earths is also low. Excessive exports have caused the price of precious rare earth products to be too low, resulting in a large loss of rare earth resources. However, if exports are too small or prohibited, it will inevitably lead to the development of other rare earth resources in the world. Moreover, the announcement by the state that the export of rare earths is prohibited is not in accordance with WTO rules. Therefore, the problem of rare earths in China is not a simple issue of prohibiting exports. It is to limit the production and export of rare earths to a certain scale. It is necessary to export, but also to limit the production and insured prices, and to maximize the transformation of resource advantages into economic advantages. problem. Among them, there are problems in resource management, problems in production and export management, and problems in investment and taxation policies. Suggestions: 1. On the basis of careful study and analysis of domestic and foreign rare earth resources, production, consumption and market data, we should consider the development of rare earth resources in China to ensure domestic consumption, properly consider export and limit production as the principle of insured. Objectives: To formulate the production and export quantity of various rare earth resources in China; 2. No new rare earth exploration licenses will be issued nationwide before 2015; 3. Continue to jointly carry out the rectification and rectification of the rare earth industry, adjust the industrial structure, and reduce the scale of production. Effectively curb the low-level redundant construction of the rare earth industry; 4. Except for a few areas, new mining rights are generally not released; to prevent a new round of capacity expansion, it is recommended that the approval authority for new rare earth construction and expansion projects be included in the central government industry. Competent authorities; 5. The discovered rare earth deposits shall be included in the national mineral reserve plan; 6. It is forbidden to mine and treat ionic rare earths by the original ore pool immersion method; 7. Reform the export quota management method for rare earth products, and strictly control the export of rare earth primary products. The export tariffs of rare earth primary products will be maintained at a level of more than 10% for a long time. 8. In view of the current total control measures for rare earth mining, all rare earth resources have been covered. 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