Based on the common expectation of hydrogen energy development prospects and the consensus on the existing technical risks, in 1995, 15 countries signed an agreement to launch the International Hydrogen Energy Economic Partnership Program (IPHE) to promote fuel cells, hydrogen production, International cooperation in hydrogen storage and standard regulations.
To this end, many countries have formed complete research and development plans at the national level. The United States issued the "National Vision for the Transition of the United States to the Hydrogen Economy in 2030 and Beyond", and in accordance with this, formulated the "National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap." In 2005, the United States introduced the Energy Policy Law, which explicitly included the relevant projects for the development of hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology and their financial funding quotas. So far, the United States has formed a relatively complete national legal, policy and scientific research plan system to promote the development of hydrogen energy to guide the transition of the energy system to the hydrogen energy economy. In 2004, the European Union proposed the "Road to Europe Hydrogen Energy Roadmap". In the country's "New Industry Innovation Strategy", Japan ranked fuel cells as the top of the seven emerging strategic industries promoted by the state, and pushed forward at the national level. China also attaches great importance to the development of clean vehicle technologies such as fuel cell vehicles . In the national “energy-saving medium- and long-term special plan†and the corresponding ten key energy-saving projects, the “Electric Vehicle Special Projectâ€, one of the major national science and technology projects of the “10th Five-Year Planâ€, will Fuel cell vehicles are listed as important.
With the support of governments, major automobile companies in developed countries have research and development plans for fuel cell vehicles. Automobile companies such as GM, Dyke, Toyota, and Honda have developed fuel cell vehicles and put them into demonstration operations. At the same time, international energy giants BP and Shell have also established hydrogen energy research departments to support hydrogen energy research and related activities.
Through the unremitting efforts of governments and related enterprises, great progress has been made in the field of fuel cell vehicle technology, mainly in the following five aspects:
(1) Fuel cell power density continues to increase The fuel cell engine XcellsisHY80 developed by Canada Ballard Company in 2003 uses 902 reactors with a maximum output of 68 kW, a volume of 220 L, a mass of 220 kg, and a volume and mass power density of 309 W/L, respectively. And 309W/kg, has basically reached the 2010 target set by the US Department of Energy's FreedomCAR program.
(2) The amount of precious metals used to reduce the amount of platinum in fuel cell stacks has dropped from about 5 mg/cm2 in 1990 to about 0.5 mg/cm2, and is expected to continue to decrease.
(3) Fuel cell vehicle energy conversion efficiency is expected to continue to improve the overall efficiency of “from mine to wheelâ€. The total efficiency of fuel cell hybrid vehicle “from well to wheel†is 29%, and the total efficiency of gasoline engine hybrid car Prius It is 28%. The total energy conversion efficiency of fuel cell vehicles is expected to increase to 42% in the future.
(4) The reliability and durability of fuel cell vehicles have been significantly improved. The test operation of Dick and General Motors has shown that the reliability of fuel cell vehicles has been significantly improved, and GM's fuel cell vehicles have already carried out parcel delivery services.
(5) The cost of the fuel cell system is gradually reduced. According to the mass production (1.5 million sets per year), the price of the fuel cell engine in 2002 was US$275/kW, and in 2006 it was reduced to US$110/kW.
The US Department of Energy's goal is to drop to $45/kW in 2010 and to $130/kW in 2015. Compared with the current price level of gasoline engines, fuel cell technology has made great progress, but compared with industrialization requirements. There is a lot of work to be done, mainly in the following five aspects:
(1) Adaptability must further improve the fuel cell vehicle in different climates (such as high temperature or low temperature areas), different environments (such as high altitude, dusty, poor air quality) and different traffic conditions (such as frequent changes or Adaptability under frequent shutdown conditions, etc.)
(2) Reliability and durability The current fuel cell stack life is only about 2000h. At present, the average fuel cell bus operating rate in Beijing is 92%, while the diesel vehicle is 99.16%. The fuel cell vehicle's failure rate is also higher than that. The traditional car is high, so the reliability and durability of the fuel cell vehicle must be further improved.
(3) The total energy efficiency increases the operating temperature of the fuel cell stack can improve the energy conversion efficiency of the fuel cell. In 2006, it has been increased to 90-95 ° C, and the high temperature film (working temperature above 120 ° C) has been successfully developed, fuel cell technology. There will be a fundamental breakthrough. In addition, various new technologies for hydrogen production and hydrogen storage are also under development.
(4) Cost The target price of a new proton membrane developed by Toyota in 2006 was only US$10/m2; research on the use of nanotechnology in the more expensive platinum catalyst layer is underway. In addition, fuel cell components have been developed by various specialist companies and specialized component companies to create conditions for improved reliability and durability, improved performance and reduced costs.
(5) The lack of infrastructure infrastructure construction is also a problem that needs to be solved in industrialization. Such as hydrogen refueling stations, maintenance, spare parts supply, etc., need to be gradually expanded and promoted, which will take decades.
The development of hydrogen energy and fuel cell vehicle technology is a strategic choice with risks. It is an opportunity for risky technological innovation and leapfrog development that cannot be ignored or missed. At the same time, fuel cell vehicles are a strategic high-tech product for automakers. Automakers should further improve fuel cell vehicle technology in order to grasp the initiative in future market competition.
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